Contrasting population differentiation in two sympatric loaches on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Genetic differentiation in aquatic organisms is usually shaped by drainage connectivity. Sympatric aquatic species are thus expected to show similar population differentiation patterns and similar genetic responses to their habitats. Water bodies on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) have recently experienced dramatic physicochemical changes, threatening the biodiversity of aquatic organisms on the "roof of the world." To uncover ecological genetics in Tibetan loaches ()-the largest component of the QTP ichthyofauna-we characterized population differentiation patterns and adaptive mechanisms to salinity change in two sympatric and phylogenetically closely related Tibetan loaches, and , by integrating population genomic, transcriptomic, and electron probe microanalysis approaches. Based on millions of genome-wide SNPs, the two Tibetan loach species show contrasting population differentiation patterns, with highly geographically structured and clear genetic differentiation among populations, whereas there is no such observation in , which is also supported by otolith microchemistry mapping. While limited genetic signals of parallel adaption to salinity changes between the two species are found from either genetic or gene expression variation perspective, a catalog of genes involved in ion transport, energy metabolism, structural reorganization, immune response, detoxification, and signal transduction is identified to be related to adaptation to salinity change in loaches. Together, our findings broaden our understanding of the population characteristics and adaptive mechanisms in sympatric Tibetan loach species and would contribute to biodiversity conservation and management of aquatic organisms on the QTP.