AI Article Synopsis
- The increasing use of heavy metals in industries makes them major environmental pollutants, with chromium posing significant risks to both animals and humans.
- Chromium exists in various oxidation states, mainly Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(VI) being more toxic due to its solubility and mobility.
- Chronic exposure to chromium can lead to serious health issues, including allergic reactions, reproductive damage, and various gastrointestinal problems, as well as environmental harm to water and soil.
Article Abstract
The growing use of heavy metals in most industrial activities has led to it being considered as the most important environmental pollutant that may cause harm and toxicity to animals and humans. Chromium has been found in the environment in different oxidation states such as Cr, Cr(III), and Cr(VI) and is released from a variety of anthropogenic and natural activities. At among, trivalent and hexavalent chromium are the most stable forms. Considerably, Cr(VI) is frequently more toxic than Cr(III) because of its particular solubility and high mobility. Chronic exposure and bioaccumulation of chromium, as a heavy metal, can cause toxicity and numerous pathophysiological defects, including allergic reactions, anemia, burns, and sores especially in the stomach and small intestine, damage to sperm along with the male reproductive system, and affect various biological systems. Chromium pollution can have severe consequences for water and the soil environment. This article reviews the toxicological effects of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) and their mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22705-6 | DOI Listing |
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