One approach to ameliorating health workforce maldistribution is incentivizing health professionals, including physicians, to locate in underserved areas. However, eligibility for programs typically relies on large geographic areas whereas it is subpopulations within underserved areas who are typically at risk. New measures introduced in this article capture data on the patients actually served by incentive program physicians. A pilot study of one state's J-1 Visa Waiver and loan repayment programs validated the new measures of medical need, low income, rural location, and population-to-provider ratios of provider location, providing a nuanced picture of the groups actually served by incentive program physicians.
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