Effect of Different Climatic Regions and Seasonal Variation on the Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity, and Chemical Profile of Sch. Bip.

Native South Africans make use of Sch. Bip. extracts for the treatment of a variety of infections and they are important in traditional medicinal preparations. This study investigated the effect of seasonal variation and geographical location on the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Material was collected in two different seasons: early spring, with high rainfall and high temperatures (October), and late autumn, with low rainfall and lower temperatures (May). Further analysis was carried out using H-NMR based metabolomics to analyse and compare the chemical profiles of the plants in both seasons and locations. Plant materials were collected from two sites for each season, at Wakefield farm (KwaZulu-Natal), representing a colder, wetter environment, and Telperion (Mpumalanga), representing a drier and warmer environment. Leaves of were tested against bacteria ( () and ()) as well as fungi ( (), (), (), () and ()). Extracts from the October harvest showed significant activities against the Gram-negative bacterium compared to the May harvest, with an MIC value of 62.5 µg/mL. Similar activity was observed between the extracts from the wet season across the two geographically different locations. There was generally very good antifungal activity observed for all the species, with the exception of , which had MIC values ranging from 0.39-1.56 µg/mL. Extracts of plant materials harvested in the wetter region had a significantly higher activity against and in both seasons than those from plants harvested in the drier region. Telperion-harvested plants exhibited better activity against in the autumn. Hydrogen-1 NMR metabolomic analysis confirmed the significant effects of the seasons and the peculiar climates of different localities on the secondary metabolite profile of