Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Mammalian Cell Cycle : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Although most studies that explore the cytotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO) have focused on cell viability and oxidative stress, the cell cycle, a basic process of cell life, can also be affected. However, the results on the effects of nano-TiO on mammalian cell cycle are still inconsistent. A systematic review and meta-analysis were therefore performed in this research based on the effects of nano-TiO on the mammalian cell cycle to explore whether nano-TiO can induce cell cycle arrest. Meanwhile, the impact of physicochemical properties of nano-TiO on the cell cycle was investigated, and the response of normal cells and cancer cells was compared. A total of 33 articles met the eligibility criteria after screening. We used Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 15.1 for analysis. The results showed an increased percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase and an upregulation of the p53 gene after being exposed to nano-TiO. Nevertheless, nano-TiO had no effect on cell percentage in other phases of the cell cycle. Furthermore, subgroup analysis revealed that the cell percentage in both the sub-G1 phase of normal cells and S phase of cancer cells were significantly increased under anatase-form nano-TiO treatment. Moreover, nano-TiO with a particle size <25 nm or exposure duration of nano-TiO more than 24 h induced an increased percentage of normal cells in the sub-G1 phase. In addition, the cell cycle of cancer cells was arrested in the S phase no matter if the exposure duration of nano-TiO was more than 24 h or the exposure concentration was over 50 μg/mL. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that nano-TiO disrupted the cell cycle . The cell cycle arrest induced by nano-TiO varies with cell status and physicochemical properties of nano-TiO.