Fine-scaled climate variation in equatorial Africa revealed by modern and fossil primate teeth.

Variability in resource availability is hypothesized to be a significant driver of primate adaptation and evolution, but most paleoclimate proxies cannot recover environmental seasonality on the scale of an individual lifespan. Oxygen isotope compositions (δO values) sampled at high spatial resolution in the dentitions of modern African primates ( = 2,352 near weekly measurements from 26 teeth) track concurrent seasonal precipitation, regional climatic patterns, discrete meteorological events, and niche partitioning. We leverage these data to contextualize the first δO values of two 17 Ma individuals from Kalodirr, Kenya, from which we infer variably bimodal wet seasons, supported by rainfall reconstructions in a global Earth system model. ' δO fluctuations are intermediate in magnitude between those measured at high resolution in baboons ( spp.) living across a gradient of aridity and modern forest-dwelling chimpanzees (). This large-bodied Miocene ape consumed seasonally variable food and water sources enriched in O compared to contemporaneous terrestrial fauna ( = 66 fossil specimens). Reliance on fallback foods during documented dry seasons potentially contributed to novel dental features long considered adaptations to hard-object feeding. Developmentally informed microsampling recovers greater ecological complexity than conventional isotope sampling; the two Miocene apes ( = 248 near weekly measurements) evince as great a range of seasonal δO variation as more time-averaged bulk measurements from 101 eastern African Plio-Pleistocene hominins and 42 papionins spanning 4 million y. These results reveal unprecedented environmental histories in primate teeth and suggest a framework for evaluating climate change and primate paleoecology throughout the Cenozoic.