Acidification of seawater attenuates the allelopathic effects of Ulva pertusa on Karenia mikimotoi.

Acidification of seawater resulting from absorption of excessive carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is posing a serious threat to marine ecosystem. In this study, we hypothesized that acidified seawater attenuates allelopathic effects of macroalgae on red tide algae because the increase of dissolved carbon dioxide benefits algal growth, and investigated the allelopathic effects of Ulva pertusa on Karenia mikimotoi in response to seawater acidification by determining cell density, photosynthetic pigment content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and chloroplast structure of K. mikimotoi under U. pertusa stress in original (pH=8.2) and acidified (pH=7.8) seawater. U. pertusa inhibited the growth of K. mikimotoi in the original and acidizing seawater, and the inhibition rate was positively correlated with treatment time and concentration of U. pertusa. However, acidizing condition significantly weakened the inhibition degree of U. pertusa on K. mikimotoi (P < 0.05), with the inhibition rates decreased from 51.85 to 43.16% at 10 gFW/L U. pertusa for 96 h. U. pertusa reduced contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and carotenoid, maximum photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm), actual quantum yield, maximum relative electron transfer efficiency (rETR) of PSII, real-time fluorescence value (F), and maximum fluorescence value (Fm') of PSII of K. mikimotoi under original and acidified conditions. And, the inhibition degree of U. pertusa under acidizing condition was significantly lower than that of original seawater group. Furthermore, the damage degree of chloroplast structure of K. mikimotoi under U. pertusa stress was more serious under original seawater condition. These results indicate that acidification of seawater attenuates the allelopathic effects of U. pertusa on K. mikimotoi.