Molecular epidemiology of community- and hospital-associated Clostridioides difficile infections in Jönköping, Sweden, October 2017 - March 2018.

Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) in Sweden are mostly hospital-associated (HA) with limited knowledge regarding community-associated (CA) infections. Here, we investigated the molecular epidemiology of clinical isolates of CA-CDI and HA-CDI in a Swedish county. Data and isolates (n = 156) of CDI patients (n = 122) from Jönköping county, October 2017-March 2018, were collected and classified as CA (without previous hospital care or onset ≤2 days after admission or >12 weeks after discharge from hospital) or HA (onset >3 days after hospital admission or within 4 weeks after discharge). Molecular characterization of isolates included PCR ribotyping (n = 156 isolates) and whole genome sequencing with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) analysis (n = 53 isolates). We classified 47 patients (39%) as CA-CDI and 75 (61%) as HA-CDI. Between CA-CDI and HA-CDI patients, we observed no statistically significant differences regarding gender, age, 30-day mortality or recurrence. Ribotype 005 (RR 3.1; 95% CI: 1.79-5.24) and 020 (RR 2.5; 95% CI: 1.31-4.63) were significantly associated with CA-CDI. SNP analysis identified seven clusters (0-2 SNP difference) involving 17/53 isolates of both CA-CDI and HA-CDI. Molecular epidemiology differed between CA-CDI and HA-CDI and WGS analysis suggests transmission of CDI within and between hospitals and communities.