Incoherent dual regulation by a SAM-II riboswitch controlling translation at a distance.

In , the methionine biosynthesis genes and are preceded by S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) riboswitches of the SAM-II class. Upon SAM binding, structural changes in the riboswitch were predicted to cause transcriptional termination, generating the sRNA RZ. By contrast, the riboswitch was predicted to regulate translation from an AUG1 codon. However, downstream of the riboswitch, we found a putative Rho-independent terminator and an in-frame AUG2 codon, which may contribute to regulation. We validated the terminator between AUG1 and AUG2, which generates the sRNA RA1 that is processed to RA2. Under high SAM conditions, the activities of the and promoters and the steady-state levels of the read-through and mRNAs were decreased, while the levels of the RZ and RA2 sRNAs were increased. Under these conditions, the sRNAs and the mRNAs were stabilized. Reporter fusion experiments revealed that the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence in the riboswitch is required for translation, which, however, starts 74 nucleotides downstream at AUG2, suggesting a novel translation initiation mechanism. Further, the reporter fusion data supported the following model of RNA-based regulation: Upon SAM binding by the riboswitch, the SD sequence is sequestered to downregulate translation, while the mRNA is stabilized. Thus, the SAM-II riboswitches fulfil incoherent, dual regulation, which probably serves to ensure basal and mRNA levels under high SAM conditions. This probably helps to adapt to changing conditions and maintain SAM homoeostasis.