Hormone supply to the pituitary gland: A comprehensive investigation of female‑related tumors (Review).

The hypothalamus acts on the pituitary gland after signal integration, thus regulating various physiological functions of the body. The pituitary gland includes the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis, which differ in structure and function. The hypothalamus‑hypophysis axis controls the secretion of adenohypophyseal hormones through the pituitary portal vein system. Thyroid‑stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropin, growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) are secreted by the adenohypophysis and regulate the functions of the body in physiological and pathological conditions. The aim of this review was to summarize the functions of female‑associated hormones (GH, PRL, luteinizing hormone, and follicle‑stimulating hormone) in tumors. Their pathophysiology was described and the mechanisms underlying female hormone‑related diseases were investigated.