Failure to rescue after reoperation for major complications of elective and emergency colorectal surgery: A population-based multicenter cohort study.

Background: As surgical complications inevitably occur, minimizing the failure-to-rescue rate is of paramount interest. Most of the failure-to-rescue research in colorectal surgery has previously focused on elective surgery and anastomotic dehiscence. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the major postoperative complications demanding reoperation after elective versus emergency colorectal surgery, and to the identify risk factors for failure-to-rescue.

Methods: In this population-based retrospective multicenter cohort study, adult patients undergoing a reoperation for colorectal surgery complication between 2006 and 2017 in 10 hospitals were included. The data were manually extracted. Failure-to-rescue was defined as 90-day mortality after the reoperation.

Results: In total, 14,290 patients underwent index colorectal resection, of which 862 (5.8%) underwent emergency reoperation within 30 days (438 [4.3%] after elective, 424 [10.4%] after emergency index operation, P < .001). The failure-to-rescue overall rate was 17.4% (8.0% after elective vs 27.1% after emergency index operation, P < .001). The 4 most common complications were anastomotic dehiscence (36.6%, 316 patients), fascial rupture (23.5%, 203 patients), intra-abdominal bleeding (15.3%, 131 patients), and bowel obstruction (10.2%, 88 patients). The majority (640 patients, 74.2%) had 1 of these complications; 261 patients (30.3%) had multiple complications. In multivariable analyses, the only possibly preventable independent risk factor for failure-to-rescue was perioperative organ failure at the time of reoperation.

Conclusion: Major complications requiring reoperation occur more than twice as often after emergency surgery and have a higher failure-to-rescue rate of >3× compared with elective surgery. The 4 most common complication types constitute three-fourths of the complications, providing a target for quality improvement.