Human Human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) is the key cell attachment and entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with the original SARS-CoV-2 isolates unable to use mouse (mACE2). Herein we describe the emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 strain capable of -independent infection and the evolution of mouse-adapted (MA) SARS-CoV-2 by serial passaging of virus in co-cultures of cell lines expressing hACE2 and mACE2. MA viruses evolved with up to five amino acid changes in the spike protein, all of which have been seen in human isolates. MA viruses replicated to high titers in C57BL/6J mouse lungs and nasal turbinates and caused characteristic lung histopathology. One MA virus also evolved to replicate efficiently in several -negative cell lines across several species, including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) knockout cells. An E484D substitution is likely involved in -independent entry and has appeared in only ≈0.003 per cent of human isolates globally, suggesting that it provided no significant selection advantage in humans. -independent entry reveals a SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanism that has potential implications for disease pathogenesis, evolution, tropism, and perhaps also intervention development.
This review explores the bidirectional relationship between the human microbiome and SARS-CoV-2 infection, elucidating its implications for COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, and therapeutic strategies. Metagenomic analyses reveal notable alterations in microbiome composition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, impacting disease severity and clinical outcomes. Dysbiosis within the respiratory, gastrointestinal, oral, and skin microbiomes exacerbates COVID-19 pathology through immune dysregulation and inflammatory pathways.
The purpose of this study was to utilize mixed methods to evaluate the initial implementation of a system of care (SOC) developed and implemented from a community organizing framework. Surveys were conducted with partners (navigators, community partners, parents) to examine changes pre- and post-implementation of the SOC. Surveys assessed care coordination, effectiveness of communication across organizations, quality of services and relationships, barriers, health-related stressors, and distrust.
Racist and xenophobic policies in the United States (e.g., family separations and lack of access to protected immigration statuses for undocumented immigrants) have historically excluded immigrants of color from accessing full civil rights, thus contributing to widening racial inequities in the US.
Background: LYB001 is a recombinant protein COVID-19 vaccine displaying a receptor-binding domain (RBD) in a highly immunogenic array on virus-like particles (VLPs). This study assessed the immunogenicity and safety of LYB001 as a booster.
Research Design And Methods: In this randomized, active-controlled, double-blinded, phase 3 trial, participants aged ≥18 years received a booster with LYB001 or ZF2001 (Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine).
Allergists perform a range of procedures with inherent risks of anaphylaxis. This study developed risk assessments for various procedures performed at our specialized referral center based on the frequency of epinephrine use during these procedures. During a 5.
