Anemia is a common finding in the elderly. Approximately 10 percent of the elderly suffers from anemia. Anemia per se is an independent factor of mortality in older patients regardless its cause. Frailty is also frequent in geriatric patients. That means that there is a decreased reserve capacity to react to different stress factors including anemia. The frequent presence of heart failure and also impaired cerebrovascular circulation makes more difficult to tolerate anemia in older age. Anemia is a symptom, finding and treating the underlying cause is also important. Treatment always depends on clinical findings: the more severe the symptoms, the more important to treat them. Severity of anemia depends not only the underlying cause, degree of anemia, co-morbidities and frailty of the patients, but also the speed of its development. Sudden blood loss due to an accident is less well tolerated than the same degree of anemia due to B12 deficiency. Main causes of anemia in the elderly include nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, tumors, and certain hematological malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome.
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