Ion beam sputtering is widely utilized in the area of ultra-high precision fabrication, coating, and discovering the microworld. A pulsed ion beam (PIB) can achieve higher material removal resolution while maintaining traditional ion beam removal performance and macro removal efficiency. In this paper, a 0.01 s pulse width beam is used to sputter atom layer deposition (ALD) coated samples. The nano-scale phenomenon is observed by high-resolution TEM. The results show that when the cumulative sputtering time is less than 1.7 s, the sputtering removal of solid by ion beam is accompanied by a nonlinear effect. Furthermore, the shortest time (0.05 s) and lowest thickness (0.35 nm) necessary to remove a uniform layer of material were established. The definition of its nonlinear effect under a very small removal amount guides industrial ultra-high precision machining. It reveals that PIB not only has high removal resolution on nanoscale, but can also realize high volume removal efficiency and large processing diameter at the same time. These features make PIB promising in the manufacturing of high power/energy laser optics, lithography objective lens, MEMS, and other ultra-high precision elements.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9321010 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13071097 | DOI Listing |
J Elect Propuls
December 2024
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
A previous companion paper introduced a current pathways model that represents the electrical coupling between the Hall effect thruster (HET) and the ground-based vacuum test facility operational environment. In this work, we operated a 7-kW class HET at 4.5 kW, 15 A and 6 kW, 20 A on krypton to quantify aspects of the current pathways model to characterize the role metal vacuum chambers play in the thruster's discharge circuit as a function of discharge current.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCell
December 2024
Schaller Research Groups, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address:
Replication and genome encapsidation of many negative-sense RNA viruses take place in virus-induced membraneless organelles termed viral factories (VFs). Although liquid properties of VFs are believed to control the transition from genome replication to nucleocapsid (NC) assembly, VF maturation and interactions with the cellular environment remain elusive. Here, we apply in situ cryo-correlative light and electron tomography to follow NC assembly and changes in VF morphology and their liquid properties during Ebola virus infection.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEur Phys J C Part Fields
December 2024
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK.
We present the first calculation of photon-initiated pair production in the presence of non-zero anomalous magnetic ( ) and/or electric dipole ( ) moments of the lepton that accounts for the non-trivial interplay between these modifications with the soft survival factor and the possibility of dissociation of the hadron (proton or ion) beam. The impact of these is on general grounds not expected to have a uniform dependence on the value of , but in all previous analyses this assumption has been made. We have therefore investigated the importance of these effects in the context of photon-initiated pair production in both pp and PbPb collisions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMol Cancer Ther
December 2024
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Ultra-high dose rate radiotherapy with electrons and protons has shown potential for cancer treatment by effectively targeting tumors while sparing healthy tissues (FLASH effect). This study aimed to investigate the potential FLASH sparing effect of ultra-high-dose rate helium ion irradiation, focusing on acute brain injury and subcutaneous tumor response in a preclinical in vivo setting. Raster-scanned helium ion beams were used to compare the effects of standard dose rate (SDR at 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSubcell Biochem
December 2024
Department of Macromolecular Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
Understanding the dynamic processes involving virus structural components within host cells is crucial for comprehending viral infection, as viruses rely entirely on host cells for replication. Viral infection involves various intracellular stages, including cell entry, genome uncoating, replication, transcription and translation, assembly of new virus particles in a complex morphogenetic process, and the release of new virions from the host cell. These events are dynamic and scarce and can be obscured by other cellular processes, necessitating novel approaches for their in situ characterization.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!