Gender and Advanced Urothelial Cancer: Outcome, Efficacy and Toxicity following Chemotherapy.

: The incidence of urothelial cancer in males is higher than in females; however, females have a higher risk of recurrence and progression. The aim of our study was to report the effect of gender on the oncological outcome in advanced urothelial cancer. : In our retrospective study, all patients had undergone primary surgical treatment for urothelial cancer and were affected by stage IV disease at the time of chemotherapy. Response to therapy and toxicity were evaluated. Subgroups were analyzed for tumour presentation, first- and second-line treatment response, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Seventy-five patients, 18 (24%) females and 57 (76%) males, were considered. Investigation into the distribution of individual characteristics according to gender revealed a significant difference only for smoking, with a prevalence of smokers in women ( = 0.029). At the end of follow-up, OS was higher in females (27.5% vs. 17.4%; = 0.047). Smoking did not significantly influence OS ( = 0.055), while univariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that males had a higher risk of death (HR = 2.28, 95% CI 0.99-129 5.25), with borderline statistical significance ( = 0.053). Men showed higher PFS than women both after first-line ( = 0.051) and second-line chemotherapy ( = 0.018), with a lower risk of progression (HR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.10-0.86; = 0.026). No differences were found between genders with regard to toxicity. In our series, PFS rates following first- and second-line therapies for advanced urothelial carcinoma confirmed that females have a greater risk of progression than males.