Dynamics of the Gut Microbiome and Transcriptome in Korea Native Ricefish () during Chronic Antibiotic Exposure.

Antibiotics have been widely used to inhibit microbial growth and to control bacterial infection; however, they can trigger an imbalance in the gut flora of the host and dysregulate the host gene regulatory system when discharged into the aquatic environment. We investigated the effects of chronic exposure to a low concentration of erythromycin and ampicillin, focusing on gut microbiome and global gene expression profiles from Korea native ricefish (). The proportion of (especially the opportunistic pathogen ) was significantly increased in the ricefish under the chronic exposure to erythromycin and ampicillin, whereas that of other bacterial phyla (i.e., ) decreased. In addition, the expression of genes involved in immune responses such as chemokines and immunocyte chemotaxis was significantly influenced in ricefish in the aquatic environment with antibiotics present. These results show that the internal microbial flora and the host gene expression are susceptible even at a low concentration of chronic antibiotics in the environment, supporting the importance of the appropriate use of antibiotic dose to maintain the sustainable and healthy aquaculture industry and water ecosystem.