Cyanotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by different types of cyanobacteria. Among them, Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and Microcystins (MCs) stand out due to their wide geographical distribution and toxicity in various organs, including the kidney, which is involved in their distribution and elimination. However, the renal toxicity caused by CYN and MCs has hardly been studied. The aim of this work was to assess the cytotoxicity effects caused by CYN and MC-LR in the renal cell line HEK293, and for the first time, the influence of CYN on the gene expression of selected genes in these cells by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). CYN caused an upregulation in the gene expression after exposure to the highest concentration (5 µg/mL) and the longest time of exposure (24 h). Moreover, shotgun proteomic analysis was used to assess the molecular responses of HEK293 cells after exposure to the individuals and combinations of CYN + MC-LR. The simultaneous exposure to both cyanotoxins caused a greater number of alterations in protein expression compared to single toxins, causing changes in the cellular, lipid and protein metabolism and in protein synthesis and transport. Further studies are needed to complete the toxicity molecular mechanisms of both CYN and MC-LR at the renal level.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070429 | DOI Listing |
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Article Synopsis
- Cyanobacterial blooms, driven by eutrophication and climate change, are increasing cyanotoxin levels in water, creating public health risks due to ineffective removal by current water treatment plants.
- This study proposes a novel treatment using nanostructured beads with magnetic nanoparticles and various adsorbent materials to target cyanotoxins like microcystin-LR, cylindrospermopsin, and anatoxin-A.
- Results showed two particle types effectively removed these toxins without harming human cell viability, suggesting this approach could be a safe and effective solution, although more research is needed.
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