Venom composition of and from Indonesia.

Background: Several studies have been published on the characterization of venoms. However, there is still limited information concerning the venom composition of species distributed throughout Indonesia, which contributes to significant snakebite envenomation cases. The present study describes a comparative on the composition of and venoms originated from Indonesia.

Methods: Protein content in the venom of four species was determined using Bradford assay, and the venom proteome was elucidated using one-dimension SDS PAGE nano-ESI- LCMS/MS shotgun proteomics.

Results: The venom of contained the highest protein content of 11.1 mg/mL, followed by , and venom with 10.7 mg/mL, 8.9 mg/mL and 5.54 mg/mL protein, respectively. In total, our venomic analysis identified 65 proteins belonging to 16 protein families in ; 64 proteins belonging to 18 protein families in ; 58 different proteins belonging to 14 protein families in ; and 48 different proteins belonging to 14 protein familiesin Four major proteins identified in all venoms belonged to snake venom metalloproteinase, C-type lectin, snake venom serine protease, and phospholipase A2. There were 11 common proteins in all venoms, and venom has the highest number of unique proteins compared to the other three venoms. Cluster analysis of the proteins and venoms showed that venom has the most distinct venom composition.

Conclusions: Overall, the results highlighted venom compositional variation of four spp. from Indonesia. The venoms appear to be highly similar, comprising at least four protein families that correlate with venom's toxin properties and function. This study adds more information on venom variability among species within the close geographic origin and may contribute to the development of optimum heterologous antivenom.