Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered as a problematic pathway for microplastics (MPs) entering the oceans. This study compares the efficiency of MP removal in two different WWTPs (A and A) with a conventional treatment system located in Bangkok, Thailand. WWTP-A is equipped with a pilot-scale ultrafiltration (UF) as a final polishing step. The number of MPs in the influent entering A and A was 16.55 ± 9.92 and 77.00 ± 7.21 MP/L, respectively. The average of 3.52 ± 1.43 and 10.67 ± 3.51 particles per L was found in the effluent discharged from A and A, respectively, to nearby canals. The removal efficiency of WWTP-A built as a closed underground system was shown to be up to 86.14% which is more efficient than the conventional WWTP (A). MPs were subsequently removed by a UF unit which resulted in a removal efficiency of 96.97%. However, when a large volume of treated wastewater volume is considered, a high concentration of MPs is discharged daily with the final effluent if the efficiency remains the same. The size fraction of 0.5-0.05 mm contributed to the largest proportion of MPs, and fibers were detected as the dominant group at both study sites. Results from a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed that most fibers were polyethylene terephthalate (PET) derived from clothes. MPs retained in the sludge ranged from 2.63 × 10 to 4.74 × 10 particles per kilogram of dry sludge. A significant number of MPs can spread further to the environment by soil application. The results of the study indicate that the design of WWTPs and the addition of advanced tertiary treatment can improve MP removal efficiency of a WWTP. Moreover, the absence of a primary sedimentation tank in both treatment plants may influence the removal efficiency.
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