Shikonin and its derivatives, isolated from traditional medicinal plant species of the genus belonging to the Boraginaceae family, have numerous applications in foods, cosmetics, and textiles. Shikonin, a potent bioactive red pigment, has been used in traditional medicinal systems to cure various ailments and is well known for its diverse pharmacological potential such as anticancer, antithrombotic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-gonadotropic, antioxidants, antimicrobial and insecticidal. Herein, updated research on the natural sources, pharmacology, toxicity studies, and various patents filed worldwide related to shikonin and approaches to shikonin's biogenic and chemical synthesis are reviewed. Furthermore, recent studies to establish reliable production systems to meet market demand, functional identification, and future clinical development of shikonin and its derivatives against various diseases are presented.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9283906 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.905755 | DOI Listing |
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Article Synopsis
- Pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) play a crucial role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by producing high levels of cytokines, and shifting them to a pro-resolving M2 phenotype can help restore immune balance.
- The study uses liquid nitrogen-treated dead macrophages as a drug carrier for shikonin (SHK), which activates AMPK and promotes efferocytosis, transforming M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages.
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