Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75108 Uppsala, Sweden.
Published: August 2022
AI Article Synopsis
Article Abstract
Background: High levels of estrogen are associated with increased risk of breast and endometrial cancer and have been suggested to also play a role in the development of ovarian cancer. Cancerogenic effects of estradiol, the most prominent form of estrogen, have been highlighted as a side effect of estrogen-only menopausal hormone therapy. However, whether high levels of endogenous estrogens, produced within the body, promote cancer development, has not been fully established.
Objective: We aimed to examine causal effects of estradiol on breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer.
Methods: Here we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate the effect of endogenous estradiol on the risk of developing breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer, using the UK Biobank as well as 3 independent cancer cohorts.
Results: Using 3 independent instrumental variables, we showed that higher estradiol levels significantly increase the risk for ovarian cancer (OR = 3.18 [95% CI, 1.47-6.87], = 0.003). We also identified a nominally significant effect for ER-positive breast cancer (OR = 2.16 [95% CI, 1.09-4.26], = 0.027). However, we could not establish a clear link to the risk of endometrial cancer (OR = 1.93 [95% CI, 0.77-4.80], = 0.160).
Conclusion: Our results suggest that high estradiol levels promote the development of ovarian and ER-positive breast cancer.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) emerge as critical regulators of CD8 + T cell function within the complex tumor microenvironment (TME). This review explores the multifaceted interplay between miRNAs and CD8 + T cells across various cancers. We discuss how specific miRNAs influence CD8 + T cell activation, recruitment, infiltration, and effector function.
Background: PFASs, synthetic chemicals, can be encountered by humans through occupational or environmental exposure, and some reports suggest that they can disrupt endocrine and hormonal activities. In this comprehensive review and meta-analysis, we explored the connection between exposure to PFASs and the risks of breast and female genital cancers.
Methods: We systematically reviewed the literature from IARC Monographs, ATSDR documents, and PubMed (as of January 2024) for cohort, case-control, and ecological studies on PFAS exposure and breast or female genital cancers.
Background: Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are heme-containing oxidoreductase enzymes with mono-oxygenase activity. Human CYPs catalyze the oxidation of a great variety of chemicals, including xenobiotics, steroid hormones, vitamins, bile acids, procarcinogens, and drugs.
Findings: In our review article, we discuss recent data evidencing that the same CYP isoform can be involved in both bioactivation and detoxification reactions and convert the same substrate to different products.
