Survey and Monitoring of Phytophthora Species in Natural Ecosystems: Methods for Sampling, Isolation, Purification, Storage, and Pathogenicity Tests.

Phytophthora species can be found in multiple substrates. Due to dormancy of resting structures and presence of faster-growing antagonists, direct isolation of Phytophthora can be difficult to achieve, and indirect baiting methods often reach higher isolation frequencies. In this chapter, different methodologies are described for sampling and for the successful isolation of Phytophthora species from natural ecosystems. Sampling methods for soil, roots, bark cankers, and waterbodies are described. Agar recipes and guidance on the selection of suitable tissue to perform direct isolations are provided. A range of different baiting techniques are described for isolation of Phytophthora from different substrates. Purification methods to obtain clean and non-mixed cultures and conservation methods for pure cultures are shown. Two pathogenicity test methods for soil infestation and for under-bark inoculation, respectively, are described in detail.