The correlation of haptenation of gold nanoparticles and cysteine modified screen printed carbon electrode by impedance technique with local lymph node assay data.

Skin sensitization occurs when a skin sensitizer binds covalently to skin proteins through the haptenation process. The objective of this study was to correlate the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data of a screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with cysteine and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with local lymph node assay (LLNA) data as a potential skin sensitizer biosensor. The EIS was used to quantify variations in charge transfer resistance of skin sensitizers (ΔR) due to different binding rates of skin sensitizers to cysteine. SPCE was modified through electrodeposition of AuNPs/thiourea/self-assembly of AuNPs/cysteine (assigned as ETSC) for the detection of skin sensitizers. Surface analysis of modified SPCEs using FESEM and EDX revealed a smooth surface with an uneven distribution of cysteine with AuNPs molecules. The ETSC modified SPCE showed a significant skin sensitizer biosensor since the ΔR readings were increased proportionally to the strength of the skin sensitizers, with strong/extreme skin sensitizers displaying higher ΔR readings compared to moderate and weak/non-skin sensitizers. The skin sensitization analysis from this work was compared to LLNA (animal study), human cell line activation (h-CLAT), direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), and KeratinoSens™, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) matched the categorization of LLNA in the following descending order: 96%, 92%, 82%, 70%, 70%, and 12%. With just an 8% mismatch with LLNA data, the EIS approach used in this study could be used as a screening tool for skin sensitizers.