A Periplasmic Lanthanide Mediator, Lanmodulin, in Strain 22A.

and species oxidize methanol pyrroloquinoline quinone-methanol dehydrogenases (MDHs). MDHs can be classified into two major groups, Ca-dependent MDH (MxaF) and lanthanide (Ln)-dependent MDH (XoxF), whose expression is regulated by the availability of Ln. A set of a siderophore, TonB-dependent receptor, and an ABC transporter that resembles the machinery for iron uptake is involved in the solubilization and transport of Ln. The transport of Ln into the cytosol enhances XoxF expression. A unique protein named lanmodulin from strain AM1 was identified as a specific Ln-binding protein, and its biological function was implicated to be an Ln shuttle in the periplasm. In contrast, it remains unclear how Ln levels in the cells are maintained, because Ln is potentially deleterious to cellular systems due to its strong affinity to phosphate ions. In this study, we investigated the function of a lanmodulin homolog in strain 22A. The expression of a gene encoding lanmodulin () was induced in response to the presence of La. A recombinant LanM underwent conformational change upon La binding. Phenotypic analyses on deletion mutant and overexpressing strains showed that LanM is not necessary for the wild-type and XoxF-dependent mutant's methylotrophic growth. We found that expression was regulated by MxcQE (a two-component regulator for MxaF) and TonB_Ln (a TonB-dependent receptor for Ln). The expression level of was altered to be negatively dependent on Ln concentration in ∆ whereas it was constant in the wild type. Furthermore, when exposed to La, ∆ showed an aggregating phenotype, cell membrane impairment, La deposition in the periplasm evidenced by electron microscopy, differential expression of proteins involved in membrane integrity and phosphate starvation, and possibly lower La content in the membrane vesicle (MV) fractions. Taken together, we concluded that lanmodulin is involved in the complex regulation mechanism of MDHs and homeostasis of cellular Ln levels by facilitating transport and MV-mediated excretion.