Abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) after drug withdrawal is a risk factor for epilepsy recurrence in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The relationship between abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) and epilepsy recurrence after antiepileptic drug (AED) withdrawal has been controversial. We aimed to explore the relationship between abnormal EEG after AED withdrawal and the risk of epilepsy recurrence in children.

Methods: Literature retrieval was performed using the PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, CENTRAL, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. Included literatures were subjects of pediatric epilepsy patients who discontinued medication. The recurrence rate of epilepsy in patients with normal and abnormal EEG after AED withdrawal was observed. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the quality of literatures. The Chi-square test was used to test heterogeneity. If heterogeneity between the articles existed, a random-effects model was used; otherwise, fixed-effects models were used. Subgroup analysis was used to explore the causes of heterogeneity. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel statistical method. OR was not adjusted for other factors.

Results: A total of 843 articles were retrieved. Nine studies were included, with a total of 1,663 patients, including 1,299 patients with normal EEG and 364 patients with abnormal EEG. Compared with the normal EEG patients, the OR of recurrence rate after AEDs withdrawal was 3.02 (P=0.0003), with heterogeneity (P<0.0001). The funnel plot indicated that there was no publication bias among the studies. The not partial seizure group analysis showed OR =1.70 (P=0.003) and no heterogeneity (P=0.70) in patients with abnormal EEG compared to those with normal EEG. In the partial seizures subgroup, the OR of the recurrence rate after AED withdrawal was 8.08 (P<0.00001) compared with the normal EEG patients, and there was no heterogeneity (P=0.29). The funnel chart shows that the partial seizures type subgroup analysis revealed positive results, while the not partial seizure group analysis reported negative results, indicating publication bias.

Conclusions: The risk of epilepsy recurrence is higher in children with abnormal EEG after AED withdrawal, regardless of seizure type. For pediatric epilepsy patients with abnormal EEG after AED withdrawal, a more cautious discontinuation regimen, closer follow-up and monitoring are required.