The barriers to offering non-pharmacological pain management as an initial option for laboring women: A review of the literature.

Introduction: Many women use pharmacological or non-pharmacological pain management (NPPM) during childbirth, however, evidence shows the usage rates of pharmacological pain management are increasing. The shift towards a biomedical approach to birth care opposes the enduring midwifery philosophy of trusting the woman and her body. Identifying midwives' beliefs and attitudes towards perceived and actual barriers to offering NPPM as an initial option will provide insight into the factors that affect this.

Methods: This review of the literature sought to understand midwives' beliefs and attitudes towards the barriers to offering NPPM as an initial option for laboring women. Peer-reviewed journals were searched for primary research that met the inclusion criteria and explored midwives' beliefs and attitudes towards the barriers to offering NPPM as an initial option for laboring women. Included studies were evaluated for quality according to the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklists.

Results: Thirteen qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria and four main themes of barriers to midwives offering NPPM emerged: health system-related, health facility-related, health practitioner-related, and health consumer-related barriers.

Conclusions: The review of the literature highlighted there are barriers that prevent or delay the initial utilization of non-pharmacological methods of pain management in labor by midwives. These findings can be used as a platform to inform further research into this topic.