The mechanism underlying moderate ethanol (EtOH)-preconditioning (PC) against ischemic brain injury remains unclear. We evaluated the role of large conductance calcium-sensitive potassium (BK) channels in EtOH-PC. Almost one hundred and ninety normal adult SD rats (8 to 10 weeks, 320-350 g) were enrolled in this study. Ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) brain injury was induced in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. EtOH or the BK channel opener, NS11021, was administered 24 h before I/R with or without pre-treatment with the BK channel blocker, paxilline. Infarct volumes were measured by tissue staining and imaging, and neurological functions were assessed by a scoring system. The expression of BK channel subunit α was detected by Western blotting, and cell apoptosis was assessed using staining. Prior (24 h) administration of ethanol that produced a peak plasma concentration of ~ 45 mg/dl in rats would offer neuroprotection after cerebral I/R. In addition, the expression of BK channel α-subunit was significantly increased 24 h after EtOH-PC (n = 10; control: 2.00 ± 0.09, EtOH: 1.00 ± 0.06; P < 0.5). Compared to I/R, EtOH-PC enhanced the expression of BK channel α-subunit both in the penumbra (n = 10; 24 h: I/R: 1.25 ± 0.10, EtOH-PC + I/R: 1.99 ± 0.12; P < 0.01; 4 h: I/R: 1.03 ± 0.03, EtOH-PC + I/R: 1.49 ± 0.05; P < 0.001) and infarct core (n = 10; 4 h: I/R: 1.04 ± 0.04, EtOH-PC + I/R: 1.42 ± 0.05; P < 0.001), improved the neurological function (n = 10; I/R: 14.00 (12.75-15.00), EtOH-PC + I/R: 7.00 (4.75-8.25); P < 0.001), attenuated the apoptosis (n = 10; I/R: 26.80 ± 0.69, EtOH-PC + I/R: 8.46 ± 0.31; P < 0.001), and decreased the infarct volume (n = 10; I/R: 244.00 ± 26.24, EtOH-PC + I/R: 70.09 ± 14.69; P < 0.001) after experimental cerebral I/R. These changes were reversed by paxilline administration. The moderate EtOH-PC protects against I/R-induced brain damage dependent on the upregulation BK channels.
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