Coronavirus disease 2019 in Saudi Arabia: A nationwide real-world characterization study.

Background: On March 11th, 2020, The World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the COVID-19 is a pandemic due to its worldwide spread. The COVID-19 pandemic has extended its impact to Saudi Arabia. By mid-February 2021, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has reported more than 373,000 COVID-19 cases impacting different population categories (i.e., male, female, different age groups, comorbidities status). The objective of this nationwide study was to describe and explore the characteristics of hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia.

Methods: This study was an observational epidemiological study based on collected clinical data from ten health institutions across all regions in Saudi Arabia. The study was conducted during the period from March 2nd, 2020, to January 31st, 2021. The data were collected included demographics, medical information, medications, and laboratory and diagnostic. More detailed information on usually missing factors such as smoking status, comorbidities, length of hospital stay were also collected. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted using the statistical analysis software "SAS®" version 9.4.

Results: During the study period, 5286 patients were included in this study. Of these, (79.15%) were male. Of all 5286 patients, quite a high number of the studied population 2010 (38.02%) were smokers. The majority of the patients 3436 (65%) were reported to have comorbidities, with hypertension being the most common disease 1725 (32.6%), followed by diabetes 1641(31.04%). A high proportion of the patients, 2220 patients (41.99%), were admitted to the intensive care unit; of these, (33.52%) were on mechanical ventilation. Most patients received anticoagulant prophylaxis medications (n = 4414, 83.5%). All patients were given more than one antibiotic prophylaxis. Overall, the median hospital stay was 5.5 days, and the median length in the intensive care unit was 4.26 days. Around (89.14%) of patients were discharged from the hospital, and (10.8%) died.

Conclusion: In this real-world study utilizing a large sample size, this study provides confirmatory results on the COVID-19 patients characteristics that are similar to other populations. Healthcare professionals need to give COVID-19 patients with specific characteristics including smoking, diabetes mellitus and cardiac disease more care to avoid losing these patients.