AI Article Synopsis
- - Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a tough type of cancer that doesn't respond well to common hormone therapies because it lacks certain hormone receptors and proteins typically targeted in treatment.
- - Chemotherapy is often the main treatment option for TNBC but can lead to tumor resistance, making it less effective over time.
- - Immunotherapy is emerging as a promising alternative or complement to chemotherapy, with ongoing research focusing on potential targets and the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in both advanced and early stages of TNBC.
Article Abstract
Triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive malignancy. Due to the absence of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors and the lack of overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, TNBC responds poorly to endocrine and targeted therapies. As a neoadjuvant therapy, chemotherapy is usually the only option for TNBC; however, chemotherapy may induce tumor resistance. The emergence of immunotherapy as an adjuvant therapy is expected to make up for the deficiency of chemotherapy. Most of the research on immunotherapies has been performed on advanced metastatic TNBC, which has provided significant clinical benefits. In the present review, possible immunotherapy targets and ongoing immunotherapy strategies were discussed. In addition, progress in research on immune checkpoint inhibitors in early TNBC was outlined.
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Source |
|---|---|
| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9256074 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5385 | DOI Listing |
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