The development of new biosensor technologies and their active use as wearable devices have offered mobility and flexibility to conventional western medicine and personal fitness tracking. In the development of biosensors, transducers stand out as the main elements converting the signals sourced from a biological event into a detectable output. Combined with the suitable bio-receptors and the miniaturization of readout electronics, the functionality and design of the transducers play a key role in the construction of wearable devices for personal health control. Ever-growing research and industrial interest in new transducer technologies for point-of-care (POC) and wearable bio-detection have gained tremendous acceleration by the pandemic-induced digital health transformation. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of transducers for biosensors and their wearable applications that empower users for the active tracking of biomarkers and personal health parameters.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12060385 | DOI Listing |
Chem Biol Drug Des
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Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States.
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School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China. Electronic address:
Transdermal drug delivery presents a compelling alternative to both needle injection and oral ingestion of medication, as it enhances patient adherence and convenience through its non-invasive and painless administration method. The use of microneedles penetrates the barrier of the stratum corneum, facilitating the sustained delivery of drugs across the skin. However, their efficacy has been limited by the slow diffusion of molecules and often requires external triggers.
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