Health care utilization in Alaska Native people receiving chronic disease specialty care by videoconsultation compared to propensity-matched controls.

Introduction: Previous studies have had mixed findings about the effects of telemedicine on health care utilization. We designed this study to assess differences in health care utilization between ever users of telemedicine for chronic disease specialty care compared to propensity-matched controls.

Methods: This observational study of usual care in the Alaska Tribal Health System evaluated telemedicine use (videoconsultation) and healthcare utilization using data from the electronic medical record between 1 January 2015 and 30 June 2019. Eligibility criteria included: age 18 and older, chronic condition diagnosis, and residing in one of four study regions. Cases had ever used telemedicine while controls had not. We used propensity score matching to achieve covariate balance between cases and controls, and then estimated the effect of telemedicine on outcomes using multivariable models. Outcomes included rates of hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and emergency department visits.

Results: Cases (ever users of telemedicine) had higher hospitalization rates (rate ratio 1.31,  < 0.01) and higher outpatient visit rates (rate ratio 1.23,  < 0.01). Cases had lower rates of emergency department visits, though non-statistically significant (rate ratio 0.87,  = 0.07). Cases were more likely than controls to have no emergency department visits per follow-up time (49% vs 36%,  < 0.01).

Discussion: We found higher rates of inpatient and outpatient health care utilization in people who had ever used telemedicine compared to propensity-matched controls, with potentially lower rates of emergency department visits. These findings contribute to the literature on telemedicine and should be considered in the context of other factors influencing telemedicine use and outcomes.