How many people participated in candlelight protests? Counting the size of a dynamic crowd.

The recent controversy about the size of crowds at candlelight protests in Korea raises an interesting question regarding the methods used to estimate crowd size. Protest organizers tend to count all participants in the event from its start to finish, while the police usually report the crowd size at its peak. While several counting methods are available to estimate the size of a crowd at a given time, counting the total number of the participants at a protest is not straightforward. In this paper, we propose a new estimator to count the total number of participants that we call the size of a dynamic crowd. We assume that the arrival and departure times of the crowd are randomly observed and that the number of the attendees in the crowd at a specific time is estimable. We estimate the number of total attendees during the entire gathering based on the capture-recapture model. We also propose a bootstrap procedure to construct a confidence interval for the crowd size. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed method with simulation studies and the data from Korea's March for Science, a global event across the world on Earth Day, April 22, 2017.