School resource inadequacy and school social engagement: Mediating effect of principals' stress.

This study is intended to assess and help us understand the role of school resource inadequacy (SRI) on school social engagement (SSE). The authors also utilize this opportunity to analyze the influence of school resource inadequacies on principal stress (PS) and the influence of PS on SSE. School administrators would stand to benefit by understanding the direct influences of school resource inadequacies on SSE, the direct influence of school resource inadequacies on PS, the direct influence of PS on SSE, and the interactional effect of school resource inadequacies and PS on SSE. This study utilizes data from the "Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) Principal Questionnaire," 2018 available for England (United Kingdom). The respondents for this survey are principals of public and private schools in England (United Kingdom). Cronbach alpha values were calculated for the variables to confirm the reliability of variables considered for this study. Also used in this study are the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and the Andrew F. Hayes model 4 to test the mediating influence and interactional effects. SPSS 23.0 was used for the purpose of data analysis and the output tables are from the results of the tests done using SPSS. The results reiterate the relationship between SRI and PS. This study also establishes the relationship between PS and SSE as being negative, meaning that the lower the PS greater is the SSE. Results also show evidence of the relationship between SRI and SSE, meaning that adequate school resources have a positive influence on SSE. Further, the mediating effect of PS on SSE and SRI was also tested and established. The findings of this study are important for school administrators and regulators in understanding the relationship between school resources, SSE, and the mediating influence of PS. This study establishes the relationship between SRI and PS, SRI and SSE, PS, and SSE. The research is also unique as it establishes the mediating influence of PS.