was demonstrated as the dominant species among spp. that infected rubber tree, areca palm, and coffee in Hainan, China. However, the extent of genetic differentiation within the species in relation to geographical regions and host species is not known. In this study, 112 isolates were genotyped with 12 microsatellite markers. In total, there were 99 multilocus genotypes. Results from permutational multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of molecular variance indicated that there was no significant genetic differentiation between fungal populations with respect to host, location (county), and year. Discriminant analysis of principal components and STRUCTURE analysis showed that isolates grouped into three clusters; further analysis confirmed that there were significant ( < 0.001) genetic differences among the three clusters. However, each cluster had isolates from different hosts, counties, or years, supporting the lack of genetic differentiation with respect to host, county, and year. Statistical analyses of allelic associations indicated some evidence for recombination within the populations defined on the basis of host or county. The present findings provide insights into the genetic structure of on the three perennial host species in Hainan and suggest that the disease on these three crops can be effectively considered as one disease and, hence, needs to be controlled simultaneously in mixed plantations.
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