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Adjusting for principal components can induce collider bias in genome-wide association studies.
PLoS Genet
December 2024
Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
Principal component analysis (PCA) is widely used to control for population structure in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Top principal components (PCs) typically reflect population structure, but challenges arise in deciding how many PCs are needed and ensuring that PCs do not capture other artifacts such as regions with atypical linkage disequilibrium (LD). In response to the latter, many groups suggest performing LD pruning or excluding known high LD regions prior to PCA.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe effect of body mass index at diagnosis on survival of patients with squamous cell head and neck carcinoma.
Am J Cancer Res
November 2024
Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy.
The aim of this study is to investigate the prognostic role of body mass index (BMI) on survival from head and neck cancer (HNC). We performed a pooled analysis of studies included in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology consortium. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for overall survival and HNC-specific survival, and we stratified the results according to cancer site.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDirected acyclic graph helps to understand the causality of malnutrition in under-5 children born small for gestational age.
J Clin Epidemiol
November 2024
Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India.
Objectives: Small-for-gestational age (SGA) is a causal factor for malnutrition (undernutrition). The available evidence on this causal relationship is based on observational studies and suffers from confounding and collider biases. This study aimed to construct a theoretical causal model to estimate the effect of SGA on malnutrition in children aged less than 5 years.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDouble Negative Control Inference in Test-Negative Design Studies of Vaccine Effectiveness.
J Am Stat Assoc
July 2023
Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.
The test-negative design (TND) has become a standard approach to evaluate vaccine effectiveness against the risk of acquiring infectious diseases in real-world settings, such as Influenza, Rotavirus, Dengue fever, and more recently COVID-19. In a TND study, individuals who experience symptoms and seek care are recruited and tested for the infectious disease which defines cases and controls. Despite TND's potential to reduce unobserved differences, in healthcare seeking behavior (HSB) between vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects, it remains subject to various potential biases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAlso long overdue: consideration of collider bias in guidelines and tools for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies.
Int J Epidemiol
October 2024
College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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