Epigenetic modifications at DMRs of imprinting genes in sperm of type 2 diabetic men.

High rates of infertility in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) men have led to attempts to understand the mechanisms involved in this process. This condition can be investigated from at least two aspects, namely sperm quality indices and epigenetic alterations. Epigenetics science encompasses the phenomena that can lead to inherited changes independently of the genetics. This study has been performed to test the hypothesis of the relationship between T2DM and the epigenetic profile of the sperm, as well as sperm quality indices. This research included 42 individuals referred to the infertility clinic of Royan Institute, Iran in 2019-2021. The study subjects were assigned to three groups: normozoospermic non-diabetic (control), normozoospermic diabetic (DN) and non-normozoospermic diabetic (D.Non-N). Sperm DNA fragmentation was evaluated using the sperm chromatin structure assay technique. The global methylation level was examined using 5-methyl cytosine antibody and the methylation status in differentially methylated regions of , , and was assessed using the methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting technique. The results showed that the sperm global methylation in spermatozoa of D.Non-N group was significantly reduced compared with the other two groups ( < 0.05). The and genes were hypomethylated in the spermatozoa of D.Non-N individuals, but the difference level was not significant for . The gene was significantly hypermethylated in these individuals ( < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that T2DM alters the methylation profile and epigenetic programming in spermatozoa of humans and that these methylation changes may ultimately influence the fertility status of men with diabetes.