Pyrolysis of grape bagasse to produce char for Cu(II) adsorption: a circular economy perspective.

Unlabelled: Based on cleaner production and circular economy concepts, chars were produced through thermochemical conversion of grape bagasse and then used as adsorbents to uptake Cu(II) from aqueous media since Cu(II) is a common element found in fungicides to treat grapevines. The grape bagasse and char characteristics were investigated through several analytical techniques (TGA, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and BET). Three chars were obtained using different pyrolysis temperatures: 700, 800, and 900 °C. The materials had similar removal percentages and adsorption capacity. The char produced at 700 °C was chosen due to its lower production cost. Studies were conducted on the adsorbent dosage and pH effect, adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics. The most efficient dosage was 1.5 g L, and the pH was 5.5. The kinetic study showed that the equilibrium was reached in 60 min and the pseudo-second-order model presents the best fit. After the temperature influence study (25, 35, 45, and 55 °C), it was possible to verify that Cu(II) adsorption through char was favored at 55 °C. The Freundlich model showed the best fit for the experimental data. The highest removal percentage was 96.56%, and the high maximum adsorption capacity was 42 mg g. The thermodynamic study shows the adsorption as a spontaneous process, favorable, and endothermic.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13399-022-02792-8.