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Viable protoplast formation of the coral endosymbiont alga spp. in a microfluidics platform. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • The dinoflagellate family Symbiodiniaceae plays a crucial role in the health of coral polyps and, by extension, coral reefs, particularly as these ecosystems face climate change threats.
  • The study discusses the challenges of using traditional methods to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) in intact cells due to cell wall interference, and highlights the potential of protoplast technology for better understanding oxidative stress.
  • A new microfluidics-based platform allows for the efficient isolation of protoplasts from Symbiodiniaceae cells, enabling researchers to observe changes in cell morphology and photosynthetic activity during protoplast formation, ultimately improving the study of intracellular processes.

Article Abstract

Symbiodiniaceae is an important dinoflagellate family which lives in endosymbiosis with reef invertebrates, including coral polyps, making them central to the holobiont. With coral reefs currently under extreme threat from climate change, there is a pressing need to improve our understanding on the stress tolerance and stress avoidance mechanisms of spp. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen are central players in mediating various stress responses; however, the detection of ROS using specific dyes is still far from definitive in intact cells due to the hindrance of uptake of certain fluorescent dyes because of the presence of the cell wall. Protoplast technology provides a promising platform for studying oxidative stress with the main advantage of removed cell wall, however the preparation of viable protoplasts remains a significant challenge. Previous studies have successfully applied cellulose-based protoplast preparation in Symbiodiniaceae; however, the protoplast formation and regeneration process was found to be suboptimal. Here, we present a microfluidics-based platform which allowed protoplast isolation from individually trapped cells, by using a precisely adjusted flow of cell wall digestion enzymes (cellulase and macerozyme). Trapped single cells exhibited characteristic changes in their morphology, cessation of cell division and a slight decrease in photosynthetic activity during protoplast formation. Following digestion and transfer to regeneration medium, protoplasts remained photosynthetically active, regrew cell walls, regained motility, and entered exponential growth. Elevated flow rates in the microfluidic chambers resulted in somewhat faster protoplast formation; however, cell wall digestion at higher flow rates partially compromised photosynthetic activity. Physiologically competent protoplasts prepared from trapped cells in microfluidic chambers allowed for the first time the visualization of the intracellular localization of singlet oxygen (using Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green dye) in Symbiodiniaceae, potentially opening new avenues for studying oxidative stress.

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Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2lc00130fDOI Listing

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