Coupled effects of soil drying and salinity on soil-plant hydraulics.

Salinity and soil drying are expected to induce salt accumulation at the root-soil interface of transpiring plants. However, the consequences of this on the relationship between transpiration rate (E) and leaf xylem water potential (ψleaf-x) are yet to be quantified. Here, we used a noninvasive root pressure chamber to measure the E(ψleaf-x) relationship of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) treated with (saline) or without 100-mM NaCl (nonsaline conditions). The results were reproduced and interpreted with a soil-plant hydraulic model. Under nonsaline conditions, the E(ψleaf-x) relationship became progressively more nonlinear as the soil dried (θ ≤ 0.13 cm3 cm-3, ψsoil = -0.08 MPa or less). Under saline conditions, plants exhibited an earlier nonlinearity in the E(ψleaf-x) relationship (θ ≤ 0.15 cm3 cm-3, ψsoil =  -0.05 MPa or less). During soil drying, salinity induced a more negative ψleaf-x at predawn, reduced transpiration rate, and caused a reduction in root hydraulic conductance (from 1.48 × 10-6 to 1.30 × 10-6 cm3 s-1 hPa-1). The model suggested that the marked nonlinearity was caused by salt accumulation at the root surface and the consequential osmotic gradients. In dry soil, most water potential dissipation occurred in the bulk soil and rhizosphere rather than inside the plant. Under saline-dry conditions, the loss in osmotic potential at the root surface was the preeminent component of the total dissipation. The physical model of water flow and solute transport supports the hypothesis that a buildup of osmotic potential at the root-soil interface causes a large drop in ψleaf-x and limits transpiration rate under drought and salinity.