Characterization of Regional Combustion Efficiency using ΔXCO: ΔXCO Observed by a Portable Fourier-Transform Spectrometer at an Urban Site in Beijing.

Measurements of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, CO (XCO) and CO (XCO), were performed throughout 2019 at an urban site in Beijing using a compact Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) EM27/SUN. This data set is used to assess the characteristics of combustion-related CO emissions of urban Beijing by analyzing the correlated daily anomalies of XCO and XCO (e.g., ΔXCO and ΔXCO). The EM27/SUN measurements were calibrated to a 125HR-FTS at the Xianghe station by an extra EM27/SUN instrument transferred between two sites. The ratio of ΔXCO over ΔXCO (ΔXCO:ΔXCO) is used to estimate the combustion efficiency in the Beijing region. A high correlation coefficient (0.86) between ΔXCO and ΔXCO is observed. The CO:CO emission ratio estimated from inventories is higher than the observed ΔXCO:ΔXCO (10.46 ± 0.11 ppb ppm) by 42.54%-101.15%, indicating an underestimation in combustion efficiency in the inventories. Daily ΔXCO:ΔXCO are influenced by transportation governed by weather conditions, except for days in summer when the correlation is low due to the terrestrial biotic activity. By convolving the column footprint [ppm (µmol m s)] generated by the Weather Research and Forecasting-X-Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport models (WRF-X-STILT) with two fossil-fuel emission inventories (the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) and the Peking University (PKU) inventory), the observed enhancements of CO and CO were used to evaluate the regional emissions. The CO emissions appear to be underestimated by 11% and 49% for the MEIC and PKU inventories, respectively, while CO emissions were overestimated by MEIC (30%) and PKU (35%) in the Beijing area.