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<PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">35558798</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2024</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>28</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2046-2069</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>8</Volume><Issue>73</Issue><PubDate><Year>2018</Year><Month>Dec</Month><Day>12</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>RSC advances</Title><ISOAbbreviation>RSC Adv</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Defect mediated mechanism in undoped, Cu and Zn-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocrystals for tailoring the band gap and magnetic properties.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>41994</StartPage><EndPage>42008</EndPage><MedlinePgn>41994-42008</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1039/c8ra07287f</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Oxide based dilute magnetic semiconductor materials have been of great interest over the years due to their potential use in spintronic devices. However, the variations in the magnetic behavior of the materials have raised concerns regarding the origin of ferromagnetic properties which still needs to be explored. Manipulation of magnetic behavior in oxide based dilute magnetic semiconductors has become a challenge due to the interplay of intrinsic defects present in the material. TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocrystals have been studied largely due to their challenging optical and magnetic properties. The present investigation studies in detail the structural, morphological, optical and magnetic behavior of non-magnetic element (Cu and Zn) doped TiO<sub>2</sub>, synthesized <i>via</i> a simple sol-gel technique. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra confirm the anatase phase and high resolution transmission electron microscopic results clearly indicate the formation of highly crystalline nanocrystals in all the samples with particle size ranging from 5-15 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopic studies reveal the compositional homogeneity of all the investigated samples. The presence of functional groups and molecular interactions were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Optical properties were studied through UV-visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy from which a significant reduction in band gap in Cu-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocrystals was found. X-ray photoelectron spectra confirm the presence of Ti<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> in Cu and Zn-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> samples. The concept of bound magnetic polarons associated with the vacancy defects at both Ti, Cu, Zn and oxygen sites is used to explain the induced weak ferromagnetic behavior in undoped, Cu and Zn-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> at room temperature. The overlapping of bound magnetic polarons could be the source of ferromagnetism irrespective of the non-magnetic nature of the dopant ion. The concentration of bound magnetic polarons is estimated using a Langevin fit and a detailed understanding of the variation of defect mediated magnetic properties is established with the help of PL analysis. A significant reduction in bandgap along with enhanced magnetization observed in the Cu-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> material makes it suitable as a potential candidate for spintronics and magneto-optics applications. Room temperature magnetic properties of the Zn doped sample show a diamagnetic tail which is explained based on the defect centers and oxidation states of dopant ions present in the sample which is further verified with the help of XPS results.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>This journal is &#xa9; The Royal Society of Chemistry.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Akshay</LastName><ForeName>V R</ForeName><Initials>VR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Trivandrum-695 019 India mvas@niist.res.in anupamamatsc@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Trivandrum India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arun</LastName><ForeName>B</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Trivandrum-695 019 India mvas@niist.res.in anupamamatsc@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Trivandrum India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dash</LastName><ForeName>Shubhra</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics, Central University of Rajasthan India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Patra</LastName><ForeName>Ajit K</ForeName><Initials>AK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics, Central University of Rajasthan India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mandal</LastName><ForeName>Guruprasad</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Rural and Cryogenic Technologies, Jadavpur University Kolkata-700032 India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mutta</LastName><ForeName>Geeta R</ForeName><Initials>GR</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-4004-8186</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nano-Materials Laboratory, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chanda</LastName><ForeName>Anupama</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-0669-0028</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics, Dr Hari Singh Gour Central University Sagar Madhya Pradesh India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vasundhara</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Trivandrum-695 019 India mvas@niist.res.in anupamamatsc@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Trivandrum India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>17</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>RSC Adv</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101581657</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2046-2069</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CoiStatement>There are no conflicts of interest to declare.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2018</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>31</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2018</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>24</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>13</Day><Hour>18</Hour><Minute>20</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>17</Day><Hour>0</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>17</Day><Hour>0</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pmc-release"><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35558798</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC9092119</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1039/c8ra07287f</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">c8ra07287f</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Santara B. 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