Revisiting Pseudo-Haptics for Psychomotor Skills Development in Online Teaching.

In a centralized model of simulation-based education (Ce-SBE), the trainees practice clinical skills in simulated laboratories based on physical models, while in a decentralized model (De-SBE), the trainees practice these skills outside of these laboratories. Attention to De-SBE has drastically shifted to virtual learning environments (VLEs), serious games, and virtual simulations employing various digital technologies, including virtual, augmented, and mixed reality. In particular, remote learning has grown immensely during the COVID-19 pandemic as traditional in-person teaching and training activities are conducted online as a form of facilitating continuity in education. VLEs allow trainees to learn from virtual simulated health experiences in an interactive, engaging, and ethically safe manner, while providing educators the opportunity to implement simulated experiences to a larger number of learners. Despite these benefits, for certain types of clinical skills, such as psychomotor skills, VLEs have not yet reached their potential. This is primarily due to technical limitations and cost issues with the haptic devices required to simulate the sense of touch. Pseudo-haptic refers to the illusion of haptic stimulation in the absence of mechanical haptic interfaces and often combines the use of a passive input device (e.g., mouse) with visual and auditory feedback to simulate haptic properties (stiffness or friction of an object). Although the application of pseudo-haptics for psychomotor skills development is still in its infancy and currently trending due to the availability of consumer-level technologies, the potential to present haptic cues in the absence of active haptic devices may allow trainees to practice some tasks outside of research and training labs. The implications of pseudo-haptics are tremendous, particularly as remote learning becomes more widespread, and warrant further discussion.