Flagellar motors are intricate rotating nanomachines that are powered by transmembrane ion gradients. The stator complexes are the powerhouses of the flagellar motor: They convert a transmembrane ion gradient, mainly of H or Na, into rotation of the helical flagellar filament. They are thus essential for motor function. The number of stators synchronously engaged in the motor is surprisingly dynamic and depends on the load and the environmental concentration of the corresponding coupling ion. Thus, the rotor-stator interactions determine an important part of the properties of the motor. Numerous bacteria have been identified as possessing more than one set of stators, and some species have been demonstrated to use these different stators in various configurations to modify motor functions by dynamic in-flight swapping. Here, we review knowledge of the properties, the functions, and the evolution of these hybrid motors and discuss questions that remain unsolved.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9039648 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.863804 | DOI Listing |
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
January 2025
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Objective: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a clinical entity defined by aberrant chloride (Cl) ion transport causing downstream effects on mucociliary clearance (MCC) in sinonasal epithelia. Inducible deficiencies in transepithelial Cl transport via CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has been theorized to be a driving process in recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in patients without CF. We have previously identified that brief exposures to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mammalian cells induces an acquired dysfunction of CFTR in vitro and in vivo.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTransl Psychiatry
January 2025
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is linked to ion channel dysfunction, including chloride voltage-gated channel-4 (CLCN4). We generated Clcn4 knockout (KO) mice by deleting exon 5 of chromosome 7 in the C57BL/6 mice. Clcn4 KO exhibited reduced social interaction and increased repetitive behaviors assessed using three-chamber and marble burying tests.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPathogens
January 2025
Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico.
The path to survival for pathogenic organisms is not straightforward. Pathogens require a set of enzymes for tissue damage generation and to obtain nourishment, as well as a toolbox full of alternatives to bypass host defense mechanisms. Our group has shown that the parasitic protist encodes for 14 sphingomyelinases (SMases); one of them (acid sphingomyelinase 6, aSMase6) is involved in repairing membrane damage and exhibits hemolytic activity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Mol Sci
January 2025
Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
ERF56, a member of the APETALA2/ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factor (TF) family, was reported to be an early nitrate-responsive TF in . But the function of in nitrate signaling remains not entirely clear. This study aimed to investigate the role of in nitrate-dependent plant growth and nitrate signaling.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Mol Sci
January 2025
Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an anion channel that is dysfunctional in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). The permeability of CFTR can be experimentally manipulated though different mechanisms, including activation via inducing the phosphorylation of residues in the regulatory domain as well as altering the gating/open probability of the channel. Phosphorylation/activation of the channel is achieved by exposure to compounds that increase intracellular cAMP, with forskolin and IBMX commonly used for this purpose.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!