Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound particles, which include exosomes, micro vesicles (MVs) and various-sized vesicles, released by healthy and diseased cells. EVs also include other vesicular structures, such as large apoptotic bodies (1-5 μm), as well as membrane particles (50-80 nm) originating from the plasma membrane. However, exosomes are nanosize (≈30-100 nm) extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin that are bud-off by most types of cells and circulate in bodily fluids. Extracellular nanovesicles contain a large variety of biomolecules, including miRNA, RNA, DNA, proteins, signaling peptides and lipids, that can have diagnostic and therapeutic value. The spectrum of the existing scientific interest in extracellular nanovesicles is comprehensive, which ranges from understanding their functions and pathways to their potential clinical usage. EVs can be obtained from different body fluids with minimally invasive techniques (, urine, plasma, serum), so they are most useful in disease diagnosis. High yield and purity contribute to the accurate diagnosis of various diseases, but damaged EVs and impurities can cause misinterpreted results. Over the last decade, a plethora of approaches have been developed for examining EVs using optical and non-optical tools. However, EV isolation methods have different yields and purities. Moreover, the isolation method that is most appropriate to maximize EVs recovery depends on the different experimental situations. This review explores the emerging use of micro and nano-technologies to isolate and characterize exosomes and microvesicles (MVs) from different biological samples, and the application of these technologies for the monitoring and diagnosis of different pathological conditions.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra01576a | DOI Listing |
Commun Biol
December 2024
Department of Vascular surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, PR China.
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a common but devastating complication of diabetes mellitus and might ultimately lead to amputation. Elucidating the regulatory mechanism of wound healing in DFU is quite important for developing DFU management strategies. Here, we show, mecenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes promoted the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of high glucose-treated endothelial cells and reduced cell apoptosis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChin J Nat Med
December 2024
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China. Electronic address:
Exosomes (exos), nanoscale extracellular vesicles, play a critical role in tissue development and function. Stem cell-derived exos, containing various tissue repair components, show promise as natural therapeutic agents in disease treatment and regenerative medicine. However, challenges persist in their application, particularly in targeted delivery and controlled release, which are crucial for enhancing their biological efficacy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Cancer Res Clin Oncol
December 2024
Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Despite significant advances in immunotherapy, its efficacy in solid tumors remains limited. Exosomes, a primary type of extracellular vesicles, can transport diverse intracellular molecules to nearby or distant cells and organs, facilitating numerous biological functions. Research has shown that exosomes have the dual ability to both activate and suppress the immune system.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMol Biol Rep
December 2024
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most common cancer worldwide and remains a major cause of cancer-related deaths, necessitating the development of innovative therapeutic approaches beyond conventional treatment modalities. Conventional therapies, such as radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery, are hindered by challenges like imprecise targeting, substantial toxicity, and the development of resistance. Exosome-driven nano-immunotherapy has emerged as a groundbreaking approach that leverages the natural properties of exosomes-cell-derived vesicles known for their role in intercellular communication-to deliver therapeutic agents with high precision and specificity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Extracell Vesicles
December 2024
Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication in the tumour microenvironment. The cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) facilitates cancer progression via EVs secreted by cancer cells, which act on recipient cells in the tumour microenvironment. However, the mechanisms of how TGF-β affects cancer cell EV release and composition are incompletely understood.
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