Development of regional brain gray matter volume across the first 13 years of life is associated with childhood math computation ability for children born very preterm and full term.

Very preterm birth (VP; <32 weeks' gestation) is associated with altered brain gray matter development and lower math ability. In typically developing children, the neural correlates of math ability may change dynamically with age, though evidence in VP children is limited. In a prospective longitudinal cohort of children born VP and full term (FT), we aimed to investigate associations between 1) concurrent regional brain volumes and math ability at 7 (n = 148 VP; n = 34 FT) and 13-years (n = 130 VP; n = 46 FT), and 2) regional volumetric growth across childhood (term-equivalent age (TEA) to 7-years; 7 to 13-years) and math ability from 7 to 13-years, and improvement in ability from 7 to 13 years. For both aims we investigated whether associations differed between birth groups. Cross-sectionally, frontal, temporal and subcortical regional volumes were positively associated with math ability for both birth groups. For FT children, greater growth of specific temporal regions was associated with higher math ability, and greater improvements. For VP children, similar associations were only observed for growth from TEA to 7-years with 13-year ability and improvements in ability. In conclusion, VP birth appears to alter associations of brain development across the first 13 years with childhood math ability.