Azo dyes have become a staple in various industries, as colors play an important role in consumer choices. However, these dyes pose various health and environmental risks. Although different wastewater treatments are available, the search for more eco-friendly options persists. Bioremediation utilizing microorganisms has been of great interest to researchers and industries, as the transition toward greener solutions has become more in demand through the years. This review tackles the health and environmental repercussions of azo dyes and its metabolites, available biological approaches to eliminate such dyes from the environment with a focus on the use of different microorganisms, enzymes that are involved in the degradation of azo dyes, and recent trends that could be applied for the treatment of azo dyes.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084740 | DOI Listing |
Chemistry
January 2025
Justus-Liebig Universität, Institut für Organische Chemie, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, GERMANY.
Aryl diazenes, particularly azobenzenes (AB), represent a versatile class of compounds with significant historical and practical relevance, ranging from dyes to molecular machines, solar thermal and electrochemical storage. Their oxygen-substituted counterparts, azoxybenzenes (AOB), share structural similarities but have been less explored, especially in energy storage applications. This study investigates the redox properties of AOB, comparing them to AB, and evaluates their potential as redox-active materials for energy storage systems.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCarbohydr Polym
March 2025
Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Plant Protection and Mycology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China. Electronic address:
Ganoderma tsugae, a traditional medicinal mushroom, exhibits anti-tumor properties; however, the effects of its polysaccharide on anti-colorectal cancer remain undetermined. Herein, a fucogalactan of Ganoderma tsugae (GTP-a2) was isolated and purified from its fruiting body. The molecular weight of GTP-a2 is 7.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRSC Adv
January 2025
Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University Egypt.
A novel series of azo dyes was successfully synthesized by combining amino benzoic acid and amino phenol on the same molecular framework azo linkage. The structural elucidation of these dyes was carried out using various spectroscopic techniques, including UV-vis, FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy, and HRMS. Surprisingly, the aromatic proton in some dyes exhibited exchangeability in DO, prompting a 2D NMR analysis to confirm this phenomenon.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFungal Biol
February 2025
Wageningen Plant Breeding Research, Mushroom Research Group, the Netherlands. Electronic address:
To visualize the nonself recognition reaction in the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus, we developed a method using the azo dye Evans blue. The use of Evans blue highlights dead mycelial sections, which are produced following nonself recognition in the interaction zone between two individuals. This method can differentiate between distinct heterokaryons, as well as between closely related heterokaryons constructed from siblings.
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