Hypoxia-mediated immunotoxicity in the blood clam Tegillarca granosa.

In marine ecosystems, dissolved oxygen (DO) is essential for maintaining intracellular energy balance during aerobic metabolism. Bivalve mollusks are frequently exposed to hypoxia environments due to tides, temperature changes, and anthropogenic activities. The blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, mainly inhabits intertidal mudflats and is more susceptible to low oxygen events. In this study, we investigated the effect of hypoxia on immune responses in clams, and showed that hypoxia exposure reduced total hemocyte counts (THC), hemoglobin concentrations, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Also, phagocytic and cell activities of hemocyte were significantly inhibited. Furthermore, immune-related gene expression was also down-regulated. In conclusion, hypoxia greatly affected immune functions in blood clams, and our research provided the foundation for further mechanistic studies on hypoxia tolerance in clams.