Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Various schedules of reinforcement have long been used in experimental psychology to establish and maintain operant behaviors. These reinforcement contingencies have also been widely applied in preclinical psycho- and neurobiology research. However, the differential reinforcement of low-rate response (DRL) schedule has received less attention than other schedules based on response ratios or different types of intervals. Hence, little is known about the neural basis of DRL schedule-controlled behavior. Herein, we review early and recent reports of rodent experiments utilizing brain lesions and intracranial drug infusions to respectively elucidate the neural substrates and neuropharmacological basis of DRL behavior. Overall, the available evidence implies that 1) certain cortical and subcortical areas are differentially involved in the DRL behavior and 2) disruption of dopamine or serotonin neurotransmission alters DRL behavior. We further identify remaining challenges in the field and suggest future work that will be helpful for understanding the neurobehavioral mechanisms of the DRL schedule of reinforcement.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.04.003 | DOI Listing |
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