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Influence of sex, season and environmental air quality on experimental human pneumococcal carriage acquisition: a retrospective cohort analysis. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • Pneumococcus is the top bacterial cause of pneumonia and a leading cause of death for kids under five, showing more cases in winter and areas with bad air quality.
  • The study explored how seasonal changes and environmental factors, including climate and air quality, affect the likelihood of people carrying the pneumonia-causing bacteria.
  • Results indicated that men are less likely to carry the bacteria, and cooler temperatures, lower air pollution, and more rainfall are linked to increased chances of bacterial carriage.

Article Abstract

(pneumococcus) is the most commonly identified bacterial cause of pneumonia and the leading infectious cause of death in children under 5 years of age worldwide. Pneumococcal disease follows a seasonal pattern with increased incidence during winter. Pneumonia burden is also associated with poor air quality. Nasopharyngeal carriage of the bacterium is a pre-requisite of invasive disease. We aimed to determine if susceptibility to nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage varied by season and which environmental factors might explain such variation. We also evaluated the influence of sex on susceptibility of carriage. We collated data from five studies in which human volunteers underwent intranasal pneumococcal challenge. Generalised linear mixed-effects models were used to identify factors associated with altered risk of carriage acquisition, specifically climate and air-quality data. During 2011-2017, 374 healthy adults were challenged with type 6B pneumococcus. Odds of carriage were significantly lower in males (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.40-0.92; p=0.02), and higher with cooler temperatures (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.63-0.99; p=0.04). Likelihood of carriage was also associated with lower concentrations of local fine particulate matter concentrations (PM) and increased local rainfall. In contrast to epidemiological series, experimental challenge allowed us to test propensity to acquisition during controlled exposures; immunological explanations for sex and climatic differences should be sought.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8995542PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00586-2021DOI Listing

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