Globalization toward environmental sustainability and electricity consumption to environmental degradation: does EKC inverted U-shaped hypothesis exist between squared economic growth and CO emissions in top globalized economies.

The study inspects the inverted U shape of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis following the influence of economic growth on CO emissions and the reaction of electricity consumption and globalization toward CO emissions in top globalized economies. This study has taken the data of the top 9 globalized countries from 1990 to 2019 while adopting fully modified ordinary least squares and dynamic ordinary least squares panel cointegration approaches to determine the long run effects and Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality for the directions of the causality among the variables. According to the long-term findings of the research, economic growth and electricity consumption substantially contribute to CO secretions. On the other hand, the squared growth and globalization mitigate CO emissions and contribute to environmental sustainability. However, the inverse influence of squared growth on CO emissions shows the presence of the inverted U shape of the EKC hypothesis. Furthermore, Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality measures have shown the bi-directional causality of electricity consumption and economic growth with CO emissions and globalization with economic growth. At the same time, unidirectional causality exists from globalization to CO emissions, economic growth to electricity consumption, and electricity consumption to globalization. The study recommends long-term globalization and sustainable development projects to ensure environmental sustainability in these globalized economies.